14-Sep-21 News A new synthetic route of 7425-53-8

The basis of chemical reaction formula synthesis, the synthesis route is composed of some specific reactions and combined according to certain logical thinking. We look forward to the emergence of more reaction modes in the future.

Related Products of 7425-53-8, A common heterocyclic compound, 7425-53-8, name is Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, molecular formula is C6H11IO2, its traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

General procedure: In a 5 mL round-bottom flask under argon containing zinc powder (197 mg, 3 mmol) and PdCl2(Amphos)2 (7 mg, 0.01 mmol) was added 2% PTS solution in water (1.5 mL). N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA, 232 mg, 2 mmol) was added at rt followed by the addition of the alkyl halide (2 mmol) and the heteroaromatic halide (0.5 mmol). The flask was stirred vigorously at rt for the indicated time. The product was extracted with EtOAc.11 Silica gel (1 g) was added to the combined organic phase and solvents were removed under vacuum. The resulting dry, crude silica was introduced on top of a silica gel chromatography column to purify the product.

The basis of chemical reaction formula synthesis, the synthesis route is composed of some specific reactions and combined according to certain logical thinking. We look forward to the emergence of more reaction modes in the future.

Reference:
Article; Krasovskiy, Arkady; Thome, Isabelle; Graff, Julien; Krasovskaya, Valeria; Konopelski, Paul; Duplais, Christophe; Lipshutz, Bruce H.; Tetrahedron Letters; vol. 52; 17; (2011); p. 2203 – 2205;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Continuously updated synthesis method about C6H11IO2

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, its application will become more common.

Synthetic Route of 7425-53-8,Some common heterocyclic compound, 7425-53-8, name is Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, molecular formula is C6H11IO2, traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

Ethyl 4-iodobutyrate 42 (7.00 g, 28.90 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (50.00 mL) and benzenesulfinate (6.60 g, 40.50 mmol) was added to this solution. Reaction mixture was refluxed for 12 h or until TLC indicated consumption of the starting material. The mixture was then taken up in H2O (100.00 mL) and product was extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 100.00 mL). Combined organic phase was washed with 5% NaOH (aq.) (100.00 mL), H2O (100.00 mL), and NaCl(sat. aq.) (100.00 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford title compound 43 (5.50 g, 74%). This mixture was used without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3-d) deltaH 1.23 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH2CH3), 1.96 – 2.13 (m, 2H, CH2CH2CH2), 2.45 (t, 2H, J = 7.1 Hz, CH2CH2), 3.12 – 3.24 (m, 2H, CH2CH2), 4.11 (q, 2H, J = 7.1 Hz, O-CH2), 7.52 – 7.63 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.67 (t, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, ArH), 7.92 (t, 2H, J = 1.0 Hz, ArH).

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, its application will become more common.

Reference:
Article; Hossain, Mohammad Anwar; Sattenapally, Narsimha; Parikh, Hardik I.; Li, Wei; Rumbaugh, Kendra P.; German, Nadezhda A.; European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry; vol. 185; (2020);,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Continuously updated synthesis method about Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate

The synthetic route of Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

These common heterocyclic compound, 7425-53-8, name is Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, its traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route. Recommanded Product: 7425-53-8

Step b: 4-Dibenzylaminobutyric acid, ethyl ester Mix ethyl 4-iodobutyrate (43.5 g, 0.18 mol), dibenzylamine (35.5 g, 0.18 mol), potassium carbonate (24.9 g, 0.18 mol) and ethanol (114 mL dried over 4A molecular sieves). Reflux for 24 hours then stir at room temperature for 48 hours. Add methylene chloride (100 mL) and filter. Evaporate the filtrate to a residue and purify by silica gel chromatography (methylene chloride) to give the title compound (47 g). 1 H NMR (90 MHz, CDCl3) ppm 3.95 (q, 2), 4.35 (s,4), 2.40 (t, 2), 2.25 (t, 2), 1.75 (q, 2), 1.1 (t, 3).

The synthetic route of Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference:
Patent; Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc.; US5194430; (1993); A;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Extracurricular laboratory: Synthetic route of Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate

The basis of chemical reaction formula synthesis, the synthesis route is composed of some specific reactions and combined according to certain logical thinking. We look forward to the emergence of more reaction modes in the future.

Researchers who often do experiments know that organic synthesis is a process of preparing more complex target molecules from simple raw materials through one or more chemical reactions. Generally, it requires fewer steps, and cheap raw materials. 7425-53-8, name is Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, A new synthetic method of this compound is introduced below., Product Details of 7425-53-8

In a round bottom flask, compound 16 (5.0 g, 22.12 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (50 mL) over an ice bath and sodium hydride (NaH, 1.25 g, 52.08 mmol) was added to the solution. After 20 min. stirring, ethyl 4-iodobutyrate (10.74 g, 44.24 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The solution was kept over ice-bath for 15 min., and then transferred to room temperature. The progress of reaction was monitored by TLC. After completion of reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated solution of NH4Cl and worked up with ethyl-acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The crude product was then chromatographed over a column of silicagel (100-200 mesh) eluting with the ethyl acetate-hexane (2:98) to afford compound 21a as white solid. Yield: 70%; mp: 50-51C; Rf: 0.60 (30% Ethyl acetate-Hexane); IR (KBr, numax/cm-1): 2957, 1729, 1673, 1599, 1261, 1026, 830, 741; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz, delta ppm): 1.21 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H, CH3), 1.25-1.65 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.83 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H, CH2), 2.16 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H, CH2), 2.27-2.32 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.81 (s, 3H. OCH3). 4.08 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H, OCH2), 4.49 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H, CH), 6.84-6.87 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.17-7.20 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.26-7.30 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.93-7.96 (m, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 125 MHz, delta ppm): 14.2, 23.1, 33.4, 34.2, 53.1, 55.4, 60.2, 113.7 (2xC), 127.0, 128.1 (2xC), 128.9 (2xC), 129.7, 130.9 (2xC), 139.7, 163.3, 173.4, 198.0; EIMS (C21H24O4): m/z = 341.2 [M+H]+.

The basis of chemical reaction formula synthesis, the synthesis route is composed of some specific reactions and combined according to certain logical thinking. We look forward to the emergence of more reaction modes in the future.

Reference:
Article; Bawankule, Dnyaneshwar U.; Gupta, Atul; Imran Ahamad, Mohd.; John, Aijaz A; Khan, Feroz; Luqman, Suaib; Prakash, Ravi; Singh, Divya; Wani, Zahoor; Yadav, Deepika; Bioorganic and medicinal chemistry letters; (2020);,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

New downstream synthetic route of 7425-53-8

In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles, Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see.

Electric Literature of 7425-53-8, In the next few decades, the world population will flourish. As the population grows rapidly and people all over the world use more and more resources, all industries must consider their environmental impact. 7425-53-8, name is Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate belongs to iodides-buliding-blocks compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below.

In a 100 ml round bottom flask, ethyl4-bromobutyrate (6.0 ml, 40.2 mmol: 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) delta 4.14(q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.47 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.17(m, 2H), 1.26 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H).) was dissolved in 40 ml acetone. Potassium iodide (13.35 g, 80.4 mmol,2.0 equiv.) was added, a reflux condenser was attached, and the reaction was heated at reflux for 12h. Thesolution was cooled, filtered through a course fritted funnel, and concentrated in vacuo. The resultingyellow oil with fine particulates was taken up in ca 50 ml of 1:1 Hex:Et2O and filtered through neutralaluminum to remove color. After flushing with an additional 100 ml 1:1 Hex:Et2O, the solution wasconcentrated to yield 8.44 g (87%) of ethyl 4-iodobutyrate 12. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) delta 4.14 (q, J =7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.44 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.13 (m, 2H), 1.26 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). A 50ml Schlenk flask was flame dried under vacuum, cooled to 23 C, and charged with ethyl 4-iodobutyrate (8.4 g, 34.7 mmol) and copper(I) iodide (10 mg, 0.05 mmol). After sealing with a greased ground glass stopper, the flask was evacuated and refilled with Ar. The stopper was replaced with a rubber septum andneat diethyl zinc (14 ml, 137 mmol, 4 equiv) was added via syringe. The reaction was heated at 40 C for12 h. The excess diethyl zinc and ethyl iodide were removed under vacuum for 2 h into a trap withmethanol cooled to -78 C with dry ice and acetone. (CAUTION: A trap cooled with liquid nitrogeneasily clogs so dry ice/acetone cooling is preferred. Methanol quenches the excess diethyl zinc, but careshould be taken when cleaning the trap as some diethyl zinc may remain.) After backfilling with Ar, THF (5 ml) was added to the reaction vessel and heated at 40 C for 1 h under Ar. The reaction vessel wasevacuated for 1 h. This step was repeated another two times. After cooling to 23 C, the generated bis(4-ethoxy-4-oxobutyl)zinc was diluted with 15 ml of THF and this solution was used directly in the desymmetrization reaction.

In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles, Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see.

Reference:
Article; Oberg, Kevin M.; Cochran, Brian M.; Cook, Matthew J.; Rovis, Tomislav; Synthesis; vol. 50; 22; (2018); p. 4343 – 4350;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

A new synthetic route of 7425-53-8

The basis of chemical reaction formula synthesis, the synthesis route is composed of some specific reactions and combined according to certain logical thinking. We look forward to the emergence of more reaction modes in the future.

Related Products of 7425-53-8, A common heterocyclic compound, 7425-53-8, name is Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, molecular formula is C6H11IO2, its traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

General procedure: In a 5 mL round-bottom flask under argon containing zinc powder (197 mg, 3 mmol) and PdCl2(Amphos)2 (7 mg, 0.01 mmol) was added 2% PTS solution in water (1.5 mL). N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA, 232 mg, 2 mmol) was added at rt followed by the addition of the alkyl halide (2 mmol) and the heteroaromatic halide (0.5 mmol). The flask was stirred vigorously at rt for the indicated time. The product was extracted with EtOAc.11 Silica gel (1 g) was added to the combined organic phase and solvents were removed under vacuum. The resulting dry, crude silica was introduced on top of a silica gel chromatography column to purify the product.

The basis of chemical reaction formula synthesis, the synthesis route is composed of some specific reactions and combined according to certain logical thinking. We look forward to the emergence of more reaction modes in the future.

Reference:
Article; Krasovskiy, Arkady; Thome, Isabelle; Graff, Julien; Krasovskaya, Valeria; Konopelski, Paul; Duplais, Christophe; Lipshutz, Bruce H.; Tetrahedron Letters; vol. 52; 17; (2011); p. 2203 – 2205;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

The important role of Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate

In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles, Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see.

Electric Literature of 7425-53-8, The chemical industry reduces the impact on the environment during synthesis 7425-53-8, name is Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, I believe this compound will play a more active role in future production and life.

Add K2S2O5(3.0 equiv), Na2HPO4(2.0 equiv) and p-phenylstyrene (0.2 mmol) to thereaction tube in sequence, replace the air in the test tube with high-purity nitrogen and add 2 mL of DMF Solvent.Then, ethyl 4-iodobutyrate (4.0 equiv), triisopropylsilane (2.0 equiv) were added sequentially with a micro sampler, and stirred at 50 C for 24 hours.After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was diluted with EA, extracted with water and saturated brine, respectively, and then the organic layer was dried, concentrated and separated by column chromatography to obtain the corresponding 1,2-bissulfone group-substituted compound 3c in 58% yield.

In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles, Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see.

Extended knowledge of Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate

At the same time, in my other blogs, there are other synthetic methods of this type of compound, Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, and friends who are interested can also refer to it.

Adding a certain compound to certain chemical reactions, such as: 7425-53-8, name is Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, belongs to iodides-buliding-blocks compound, can increase the reaction rate and produce products with better performance than those obtained under traditional synthetic methods. Here is a downstream synthesis route of the compound 7425-53-8, SDS of cas: 7425-53-8

Ethyl ester 4-Et. DIEA (11.8 g, 91.7 rnmol) was added to a mixture of compound 3 (13.9 g, 45.87 mmol) and ethyl 3- iodobutyrate (13.3 g, 55.05 minol) in a screw-cup bottle, and the reaction mixture was stirred with heating (110 C) for 2 days. After cooling, the reaction mixture was diluted with diethyl ether, passed through a plug of silica gel (eluting with ether), and the filtrate evaporated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in hexane/ether (3/1) mixture, washed with water, brine and dried over MgSO4. The product 4-Et was isolated by a short path column chromatography (hexane-hexane/ether 10/1; Rf = 0.59 in hexane/ether = 10/1); yield 18.75 g (98.5%) of a clear oil. ?H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13): delta = 0.21 (s, 6 H, SiMe2But), 0.98 (5, 9 H, SiMe2But), 1.26 Ct, J = 7.2 Hz, 3 H, CO2CH2CH3), 1.28 Cs, 6 H, 2xMe), 1.90 Cm, 2 H, NCH2CH2CH2CO2Et), 1.93 (d, J = 0.5 Hz, 3 H, Me), 2.38 Cm, 2 H, NCH2CH2CH2CO2Et), 3.20 (m, 2 H, NCF{2CH2CH2CO2Et), 4.16 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2 H, CO2CH2CH3), 5.10 (d, J = 0.5 Hz, 1 H, HC=), 6.02 Cm, 1 H), 6.10 Cm, 1 H), 6.90 Cm, 1 H) ppm.

At the same time, in my other blogs, there are other synthetic methods of this type of compound, Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, and friends who are interested can also refer to it.

Extended knowledge of Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 7425-53-8, its application will become more common.

Some common heterocyclic compound, 7425-53-8, name is Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, molecular formula is C6H11IO2, traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route. Recommanded Product: 7425-53-8

Example 2 1-methyl-3-(carboethoxypropyl)-7-(pivaloyloxymethyl)xanthine A mixture of 1-methyl-7-(pivaloyloxymethyl)xanthine (350mg, 1.25 mmes) sodium carbonate (265mg, 2.50 mmoles) and ethyl 4-iodobutyrate (384 mul, 2.50 mmole) in 5.8ml dry DMF was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for 18 hours. Water was added and the reaction mixture extracted with chloroform. After drying, the extracts were stripped to leave a yellow oil which goes to chromatographed on four thick silica gel plates with 10% EtOH/CHCl3. The band was scraped off and eluted with 100ml of 25% EtOH/CHCl3 to yield 609mg of the desired product as an oil.

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 7425-53-8, its application will become more common.

Research on new synthetic routes about 7425-53-8

The synthetic route of 7425-53-8 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Synthetic Route of 7425-53-8,Some common heterocyclic compound, 7425-53-8, name is Ethyl 4-iodobutanoate, molecular formula is C6H11IO2, traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

; As a starting material for obtaining the compound of the formula (4), starting from the compound 1 as in Synthetic Example 1, the compound 11 was prepared via the compound 9 and the compound 10. [Show Image] [Show Image] [Show Image] First, conversion of ethyl 4-bromobutyrate into ethyl 4-iodobutyrate was carried out. Into 250 ml of acetone was dissolved 34.2 g (175 mmol) of ethyl 4-bromobutyrate, and then 29.1 g (175 mmol) of potassium iodide was added thereto, followed by heating under reflux over a period of 20 hours. Then, after the reaction solution was allowed to cool to room temperature, the solvent was removed by distillation and the residue was extracted with 150 ml of ethyl acetate. The resulting organic layer was washed with 50 ml of distilled water and then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Then, 43.2 g of a crude product was obtained by removing the solvent by distillation and drying under reduced pressure. As a result of 1H-NMR analysis, it was found that the crude product contained ethyl 4-iodobutyrate in a molar fraction of 92%. The crude product was used in the following step as it was. Next, 30.5 g (155 mmol) of the compound 1 was dissolved in 450 ml of tetrahydrofuran, and the resulting solution was cooled to -78C with dry ice/acetone. To the resulting solution was dropwise added 100 ml (156 mmol) of 1.56 M n-butyllithium/n-hexane solution. After the resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 45 minutes, a solution of the crude product of ethyl 4-iodobutyrate, which had been prepared as above and dissolved in 50 ml of tetrahydrofuran, was dropwise added to the mixture. After dropwise addition, the resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 10 minutes and then, the temperature was gradually elevated. When the temperature of the reaction solution reached -10C, 50 ml of 5% citric acid aqueous solution was added to terminate the reaction. To the reaction mixture were added 100 ml of 10% sodium thiosulfate aqueous solution, 150 ml of saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution, and 50 ml of ethyl acetate, followed by partitioning. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted in 50 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was removed by distillation and purification by silica gel column chromatography was carried out to obtain 46.0 g (yield 96%) of a pale yellow, liquid compound having a low viscosity. The chemical shift values of the product on 1H-NMR spectrum as measured in deuterochloroform were as follows: 1.23 (3H, t), 1.52-1.63 (1H, m), 1.65-1.80 (2H, m), 2.07-2.15 (1H, m), 2.25-2.37 (2H, m), 2.44 (3H, s), 3.45-3.55 (1H, m), 4.10 (2H, q), 5.08 (1H, d), 5.31 (1H, d), 5.57-5.66 (1H, m), 7.32 (2H, d), 7.70 (2H, d). The wave numbers (cm-1) with absorption on IR absorption spectrum (KBr pellet method) were as follows: 2980, 2930, 1730, 1600, 1300, 1290, 1140, 1090, 820, 670. The results of elemental analysis were as follows: carbon 61.73% and hydrogen 6.92%. Based on the above analysis, it was confirmed that the obtained compound was the compound 9. Next, conversion from the compound 9 to the compound 10 was carried out. Into 360 ml of tetrahydrofuran and 120 ml of methanol was dissolved 46.0 g (148 mmol) of the compound 9, and 3.42 g (2.96 mmol) of tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium was added. The reaction solution was heated under reflux over a period of 16 hours. Then, after the reaction solution was allowed to cool to room temperature, the solvent was removed by distillation and purification by silica gel chromatography was carried out to obtain 41.0 g (89%) of a pale brown, liquid compound having a low viscosity. As a result of 1H-NMR analysis, IR absorption spectrum analysis, and elemental analysis shown below, it was confirmed that the product contained the compound 10 in a molar fraction of 81% and the remaining 19% was a geometrical isomer wherein the carbon-carbon double bond in the compound 10 was arranged in a cis-form. The chemical shift values of the compound 10 on 1H-NMR spectrum as measured in deuterochloroform were as follows: 1.25 (3H, t), 1.57-1.65 (2H, m), 2.03-2.10 (2H, m), 2.20 (2H, t), 2.44 (3H, s), 3.73 (2H, d), 4.12 (2H, q), 5.37-5.55 (2H, m), 7.33 (2H, d), 7.73 (2H, d). The wave numbers (cm-1) with absorption on IR absorption spectrum (KBr pellet method) were as follows: 2980, 2930, 1730, 1600, 1320, 1300, 1150, 1090, 820, 740. The results of elemental analysis were as follows: carbon 61.81% and hydrogen 7.01%. The compound 11 was prepared from the compound 10. A solution of 6.63 g (21.4 mmol) of the compound 10 dissolved in 65 ml of tetrahydrofuran was cooled to -78C with dry ice/acetone. To the solution was dropwise added 11.0 ml (22.0 mmol) of 2.0 M lithium diisopropylamide/heptane-tetrahydrofuran-ethylbenzene solution. After the resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 60 minutes, a solution of 6.09 g (2…

The synthetic route of 7425-53-8 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference:
Patent; TOAGOSEI CO., LTD.; EP1612201; (2006); A1;,
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com