Shao, Wenke’s team published research in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science in 2022 | CAS: 516-12-1

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Safety of 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione

In 2022,Shao, Wenke; Wang, Qiufan; Zhang, Daohong published an article in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. The title of the article was 《Defect engineering of P doped Fe7S8 porous nanoparticles for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor and oxygen evolution electrocatalyst》.Safety of 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione The author mentioned the following in the article:

Transition metal sulfides are promising battery-type materials for electrochem. energy storage and a great electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the poor conductivity and sluggish reaction kinetic as well as the deficiency of electrochem. active sites hinder the practical application of FexSy. Herein, we design Fe7S8 porous nanoparticles with surface phosphate ions and enriched sulfur-vacancies (P-Fe7S8), which is reported as a new high-specific-capacity material for asym. supercapacitor. Benefiting from the merits of substantially improved elec. conductivity and increased active sites, the optimized P-Fe7S8 neg. electrode delivers ultra-high specific capacitance of 804.7F/g at 0.4 mA. Moreover, the assembled NiS//P-Fe7S8 ASC presents an impressive specific capacitance of 335.9F/g at 1.2 A/g, a high energy d. of 134.8 Wh/kg at a power d. of 1042.1 W/kg, and great flexibility under different bending angles. Furthermore, the one-step vulcanization process is provided with universal applicability for the synthesis of NixFe1-xS bimetallic sulfide. With the synergy effect produced by the bimetal, the Ni0.5Fe0.5S hollow porous nanoparticles exhibit the remarkable activity of oxygen evolution reaction with a low overpotential of 174 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and Tafel slope of 41 mV dec-1. This simple method provides new insight into the synthesis of novel multifunctional metal sulfide nanomaterials. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1Safety of 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione)

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Safety of 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Son, Seung Hyun’s team published research in International Journal of Nanomedicine in 2019 | CAS: 516-12-1

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Recommanded Product: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione

The author of 《A novel strategy of transferring NIS protein to cells using extracellular vesicles leads to increase in iodine uptake and cytotoxicity》 were Son, Seung Hyun; Gangadaran, Prakash; Ahn, Byeong-Cheol. And the article was published in International Journal of Nanomedicine in 2019. Recommanded Product: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione The author mentioned the following in the article:

Background: This study was designed to explore a novel approach for transferring NIS protein to cells using extracellular vesicle (EV) and enhancing iodine avidity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Methods: We transfected the HCC cells (Huh7) with NIS gene, designated as Huh7/NIS, and isolated the EVs from them. Presence of NIS protein in EVs and EV-mediated transport of NIS protein to recipient Huh7 cells were tested using Western blotting. We also examined radioiodine uptake in Huh7 cells treated with EV-Huh7/NIS. Results: Successful transfer of NIS protein into Huh7 cells was confirmed by WB and microscopy. EVs showed high levels of NIS protein in them. Treatment of Huh7 cells with EV-Huh7/NIS increased the NIS protein level and enhanced 125I uptake in recipient Huh7 cells. In addition, EV-huh7/NIS pre-treatment enhanced the cytotoxicity of 131I therapy against Huh7 cells by inducing increased DNA damage/increased γH2A.X foci formation. Conclusion: This is the first-of-its-kind demonstration of successful transportation of the NIS protein to cells via EVs, which increased radioiodine uptake. This approach can revert radioiodine-resistant cancers into radioiodine-sensitive cancers.1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1Recommanded Product: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione) was used in this study.

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Recommanded Product: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Nishii, Yuji’s team published research in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2020 | CAS: 516-12-1

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Recommanded Product: 516-12-1

《Triptycenyl Sulfide: A Practical and Active Catalyst for Electrophilic Aromatic Halogenation Using N-Halosuccinimides》 was published in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2020. These research results belong to Nishii, Yuji; Ikeda, Mitsuhiro; Hayashi, Yoshihiro; Kawauchi, Susumu; Miura, Masahiro. Recommanded Product: 516-12-1 The article mentions the following:

A Lewis base catalyst Trip-SMe (Trip = triptycenyl) for electrophilic aromatic halogenation using N-halosuccinimides (NXS) is introduced. In the presence of an appropriate activator (as a noncoordinating-anion source), a series of unactivated aromatic compounds were halogenated at ambient temperature using NXS. This catalytic system was applicable to transformations that are currently unachievable except for the use of Br2 or Cl2: e.g., multihalogenation of naphthalene, regioselective bromination of BINOL, etc. Controlled experiments revealed that the triptycenyl substituent exerts a crucial role for the catalytic activity, and kinetic experiments implied the occurrence of a sulfonium salt [Trip-S(Me)Br][SbF6] as an active species. Compared to simple dialkyl sulfides, Trip-SMe exhibited a significant charge-separated ion pair character within the halonium complex whose structural information was obtained by the single-crystal X-ray anal. A preliminary computational study disclosed that the π system of the triptycenyl functionality is a key motif to consolidate the enhancement of electrophilicity. In the experiment, the researchers used 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1Recommanded Product: 516-12-1)

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Recommanded Product: 516-12-1

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

El Nemr, Ahmed’s team published research in Polymer Bulletin (Heidelberg, Germany) in 2021 | CAS: 516-12-1

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Name: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione

El Nemr, Ahmed; Eleryan, Ahmed; Mashaly, Mohammad; Khaled, Azza published their research in Polymer Bulletin (Heidelberg, Germany) in 2021. The article was titled 《Comparative study of synthesis of cellulose propionate from different sources using NIS as a new catalyst》.Name: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione The article contains the following contents:

Propylation of cellulose from different sources with propionic anhydride using N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) under solvent-free condition was tested. It was done in the presence of NIS as a new catalyst for propylation using three different amounts of catalyst under mild reaction conditions. The degree of substitution by propionate was exptl. calculated and confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR analyses. The propylation yields varied from 71.54 to 88.37% with the degree of substitution (DS) ranged from 1.32 to 2.80 for com. cotton cellulose, 1.76-3.00 for rice husk cellulose, and 1.60-3.0 for wheat straw cellulose. The DS were easily controlled by changing the reaction duration (2-6 h) and the amount of the NIS catalyst (50, 75, and 100 mg for each 1.0 g of cellulose) in 25 mL of propionic anhydride. Prolonging the reaction’s duration has no favorable effect on the propylation process and led to decrease in the cellulose propionate (CP). Also, increasing the amount of NIS catalyst results in decrease the DS and CP yield. NIS was recognized as a novel and more successful catalyst for propylation of the hydroxyl groups of cellulose from different sources in high degree of substitution. In the experimental materials used by the author, we found 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1Name: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione)

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Name: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Huang, Weibo’s team published research in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science in 2021 | CAS: 516-12-1

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Quality Control of 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione

Huang, Weibo; Tong, Zhouyu; Bi, Yuxin; Ma, Mingliang; Liao, Zijian; Wu, Guanglei; Ma, Yong; Guo, Siyu; Jiang, Xiaoyu; Liu, Xueping published an article in 2021. The article was titled 《Synthesis and microwave absorption properties of coralloid core-shell structure NiS/Ni3S4@PPy@MoS2 nanowires》, and you may find the article in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science.Quality Control of 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione The information in the text is summarized as follows:

Herein, coralloid core-shell structure NiS/Ni3S4@PPy@MoS2 nanowires were elaborately designed and successfully synthesized through a three-step route to obtain exceptional microwave absorption (MA) properties. Ni nanowires were first fabricated, and then used as the substrate to be coated with a layer of PPy. Ni chalcogenides were obtained by using Ni nanowire as sacrificial templates while growing MoS2 nanorods by hydrothermal method. Both the one-dimensional (1D) core-shell structure and the coralloid surface generated by MoS2 nanorods were beneficial for the attenuation of microwaves. After investigating the electromagnetic properties of different loading content absorbers (30 weight%, 40 weight% and 50 weight%), it is found that the 50 weight% loading absorber has the optimal MA performance. The min. reflection loss (RLmin) value can reach -51.29 dB at 10.1 GHz with a thickness of 2.29 mm, and the corresponding effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, RL < -10 dB) can be up to 3.24 GHz. This research provides a reference for exploiting novel high-efficient 1D absorbers in the field of MA. In the experimental materials used by the author, we found 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1Quality Control of 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione)

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Quality Control of 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Komura, Naoko’s team published research in Science (Washington, DC, United States) in 2019 | CAS: 516-12-1

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Product Details of 516-12-1

Product Details of 516-12-1In 2019 ,《Constrained sialic acid donors enable selective synthesis of α-glycosides》 was published in Science (Washington, DC, United States). The article was written by Komura, Naoko; Kato, Keiichi; Udagawa, Taro; Asano, Sachi; Tanaka, Hide-Nori; Imamura, Akihiro; Ishida, Hideharu; Kiso, Makoto; Ando, Hiromune. The article contains the following contents:

Sialic acid is a sugar residue present in many biol. significant glycans of mammals, commonly as a terminal α-glycoside. The chem. structure of sialic acid, which features an anomeric center with carboxyl and methylene substituents, poses a challenge for synthesis of the α-glycoside, thus impeding biol. and therapeutic studies on sialic acid-containing glycans. We present a robust method for the selective α-glycosylation of sialic acid using macro-bicyclized sialic acid donors as synthetic equivalent of structurally constrained oxocarbenium ions to impart stereoselectivity. We demonstrate the power of our method by showcasing broad substrate scope and applicability in the preparation of diverse sialic acid-containing architectures. In addition to this study using 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione, there are many other studies that have used 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1Product Details of 516-12-1) was used in this study.

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Product Details of 516-12-1

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Liu, Xiaobin’s team published research in International Journal of Energy Research in 2021 | CAS: 516-12-1

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Application of 516-12-1

Application of 516-12-1In 2021 ,《Recent progresses in photocatalytic hydrogen production: design and construction of Ni-based cocatalysts》 appeared in International Journal of Energy Research. The author of the article were Liu, Xiaobin; Zhuang, Huaqiang. The article conveys some information:

A review. Up to now, much effort has focused on developing the highly efficiency composite photocatalysts by introducing cocatalysts in the photocatalytic hydrogen production reaction, because the proper cocatalysts can reduce activation energy, provide active sites, and suppress the reverse reaction. The transition metal nickel and its compounds acting as cocatalyst have received intensive attention because of their structural stability, facile preparation, and high performance in hydrogen evolution reaction, and are expected to replace the function of noble metals. This review emphasizes on the latest progresses that design and construction of composite photocatalyst using Ni-based cocatalyst for enhanced hydrogen production, such as metal nickel, nickel sulfide, and nickel phosphide, will be presented. Then, some preparation strategies and influence factors of Ni-based cocatalysts on enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production are elucidated in detail. Finally, some challenge and perspective on the highly active cocatalysts in the area of photocatalytic hydrogen production from water splitting are also given. In the part of experimental materials, we found many familiar compounds, such as 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1Application of 516-12-1)

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Application of 516-12-1

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Dalinot, Clement’s team published research in European Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2020 | CAS: 516-12-1

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Name: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione

《Regioselective Monohalogenation and Homo/Hetero Dihalogenation of Benzothioxanthene Monoimide》 was published in European Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2020. These research results belong to Dalinot, Clement; Simon Marques, Pablo; Andres Castan, Jose M.; Josse, Pierre; Allain, Magali; Abad Galan, Laura; Monnereau, Cyrille; Maury, Olivier; Blanchard, Philippe; Cabanetos, Clement. Name: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione The article mentions the following:

Through the preparation and characterization of five new derivatives, the regioselective mono and di, homo and hetero, halogenation of the benzothioxanthene (BTXI) core is demonstrated herein. All structurally solved by X-ray crystallog., these complementary functionalized building blocks open doors to the design of new sym. and asym. π-conjugated systems based on this promising but still under-explored rylene. In the experimental materials used by the author, we found 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1Name: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione)

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Name: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Xiang, Cen’s team published research in Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan in 2021 | CAS: 516-12-1

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Name: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione

Xiang, Cen; Kong, Xiangshun; Gao, Feng; Zhao, Yufan; Liu, Jiang; Yuan, Yuan; Teng, Yuou published an article in 2021. The article was titled 《Design, synthesis and antioxidant activity of chalcone derivative CMZ-3-5》, and you may find the article in Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan.Name: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione The information in the text is summarized as follows:

Excessive accumulation of free radicals can cause a variety of diseases. According to reports, chalcone has the activity of scavenging free radicals. In this study, we synthesized a chalcone derivative CZM-3-5 and evaluated its antioxidant activity using a chem. assessment method (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.+) assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) assay and total reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay) and a cell model of oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The chem. evaluation results show that the compound CZM-3-5 has good antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging ability. MTT anal. showed that the compound has cytoprotective activity in H2O2-induced PC12 cells, and the mechanism may be related to the cytoprotective substance superoxide dismutase (SOD) is related to the level of glutathione (GSH). Overall, our findings indicate that compound CZM-3-5 has potential antioxidant activity in vitro. In addition to this study using 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione, there are many other studies that have used 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1Name: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione) was used in this study.

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Name: 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Li, Jia’s team published research in Frontiers in Chemistry (Lausanne, Switzerland) in 2022 | CAS: 516-12-1

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Recommanded Product: 516-12-1

In 2022,Li, Jia; Li, Yu-An; Wu, Ge; Zhang, Xu published an article in Frontiers in Chemistry (Lausanne, Switzerland). The title of the article was 《Metal-free aminohalogenation of quinones with alkylamines and NXS at room temperature》.Recommanded Product: 516-12-1 The author mentioned the following in the article:

A simple and practical strategy for intermol. aminohalogenation of quinone with alkyl amines and NXS was developed for preparation of halo(amino)naphthalenediones I [X = H, Cl, Br, I; R1 = Me; R2 = 2-cyanoethyl, (4-bromophenyl)methyl, phenethyl, (3S)-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenyl-propyl; R1 = R2 = (CH2)2O(CH2)2, (CH2)2CH(OH)(CH2)2, (CH2)2CH(CO2Me)(CH2)2], in which haloamines generated in situ were employed as bifunctional reagents. The reaction system was reliable, efficient and wide in substrate range, which was suitable for the two-fold aminochlorination of 1, 4-benzoquinones, large-scale reaction and late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals. The results came from multiple reactions, including the reaction of 1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1Recommanded Product: 516-12-1)

1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione(cas: 516-12-1) is used in the preparation of vinyl sulfones from olefins and benzenesulfinic acid. It acts as a source for I+ and involved in Hunsdiecker reactions for the conversion of cinnamic acids, and propiolic acids to the corresponding alfa-halostyrenes and 1-halo-1-alkynes respectively. Recommanded Product: 516-12-1

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com