Inouye, Masahiko’s team published research in Heterocycles in 2011 | CAS: 3993-79-1

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Amines characteristically form salts with acids; a hydrogen ion, H+, adds to the nitrogen. With the strong mineral acids (e.g., H2SO4, HNO3, and HCl), the reaction is vigorous. Salt formation is instantly reversed by strong bases such as NaOH. Neutral electrophiles (compounds attracted to regions of negative charge) also react with amines; alkyl halides (R′X) and analogous alkylating agents are important examples of electrophilic reagents.Safety of 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one

Safety of 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-oneOn March 1, 2011, Inouye, Masahiko; Doi, Yasuhiro; Azuchi, Junichi; Shirato, Wataru; Chiba, Junya; Abe, Hajime published an article in Heterocycles. The article was 《Hexamethyldisilazane-promoted Sonogashira reaction of poly-functionalized N-containing heterocycles》. The article mentions the following:

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) was found to be an efficient solvent for Sonogashira reaction. For the synthesis of C-nucleosides, e.g. I, , Sonogashira reaction of ethynyldeoxyriboside with halogenated pyrimidine or pyridine derivatives could be improved by the use of an HMDS-DMF mixed solvent. In situ protection of hydroxy and amino groups by the solvent system may play an important role for the improvement.2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1Safety of 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one) was used in this study.

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Amines characteristically form salts with acids; a hydrogen ion, H+, adds to the nitrogen. With the strong mineral acids (e.g., H2SO4, HNO3, and HCl), the reaction is vigorous. Salt formation is instantly reversed by strong bases such as NaOH. Neutral electrophiles (compounds attracted to regions of negative charge) also react with amines; alkyl halides (R′X) and analogous alkylating agents are important examples of electrophilic reagents.Safety of 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Shrestha, Liza’s team published research in Tetrahedron Letters in 2017 | CAS: 3993-79-1

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Reaction with nitrous acid (HNO2), which functions as an acylating agent that is a source of the nitrosyl group (―NO), converts aliphatic primary amines to nitrogen and mixtures of alkenes and alcohols corresponding to the alkyl group in a complex process. This reaction has been used for analytical determination of primary amino groups in a procedure known as the Van Slyke method.Recommanded Product: 3993-79-1

Recommanded Product: 3993-79-1On November 29, 2017 ,《Copper mediated coupling of 2-(piperazine)-pyrimidine iodides with aryl thiols using Cu(I)thiophene-2-carboxylate》 appeared in Tetrahedron Letters. The author of the article were Shrestha, Liza; Patel, Hardik J.; Kang, Yanlong; Sharma, Sahil; Chiosis, Gabriela; Taldone, Tony. The article conveys some information:

A copper-mediated synthesis of diaryl sulfides utilizing Cu(I)-thiophene-2-carboxylate (CuTC) is described. The use of CuTC as a soluble, non-basic catalyst in the coupling of aryl iodides and aryl thiols in the synthesis of synthetically advanced diaryl sulfides was demonstrated. This method allows for the successful coupling of challenging substrates including ortho-substituted and heteroaryl iodides and thiols. Addnl., most of the aryl iodide substrates used here contain the privileged piperazine scaffold bound to a pyrimidine, pyridine, or Ph ring and thus this method allows for the elaboration of complex piperazine scaffolds into mols. of biol. interest. The method described here enables the incorporation of late-stage structural diversity into diaryl sulfides containing the piperazine ring, thus enhancing the number and nature of derivatives available for SAR investigation. In addition to this study using 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one, there are many other studies that have used 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1Recommanded Product: 3993-79-1) was used in this study.

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Reaction with nitrous acid (HNO2), which functions as an acylating agent that is a source of the nitrosyl group (―NO), converts aliphatic primary amines to nitrogen and mixtures of alkenes and alcohols corresponding to the alkyl group in a complex process. This reaction has been used for analytical determination of primary amino groups in a procedure known as the Van Slyke method.Recommanded Product: 3993-79-1

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Senthilkumar, N.’s team published research in Tetrahedron Letters in 2014 | CAS: 3993-79-1

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Examples of direct uses of amines and their salts are as corrosion inhibitors in boilers and in lubricating oils (morpholine), as antioxidants for rubber and roofing asphalt (diarylamines), as stabilizers for cellulose nitrate explosives (diphenylamine), as protectants against damage from gamma radiation (diarylamines), as developers in photography (aromatic diamines), as flotation agents in mining, as anticling and waterproofing agents for textiles, as fabric softeners, in paper coating, and for solubilizing herbicides.Related Products of 3993-79-1

Senthilkumar, N.; Dominic Ravichandran, Y.; Rajesh, R. published their research in Tetrahedron Letters on December 10 ,2014. The article was titled 《A concise Pd catalyzed cross coupling reaction along with deprotection for the synthesis of a new series of pyrimidine derivatives》.Related Products of 3993-79-1 The article contains the following contents:

A new series of pyrimidine compounds bearing 2-amino, 4-azepanone, and 5-aryl substituents (e.g. I)w were synthesized for the first time from the com. available 2-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine. The key step in the reaction is a conceptually new single step palladium-catalyzed cross coupling along with the deprotection of N,N-diisopropylformimidamide using bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride [PdCl2(PPh3)2]. After reading the article, we found that the author used 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1Related Products of 3993-79-1)

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Examples of direct uses of amines and their salts are as corrosion inhibitors in boilers and in lubricating oils (morpholine), as antioxidants for rubber and roofing asphalt (diarylamines), as stabilizers for cellulose nitrate explosives (diphenylamine), as protectants against damage from gamma radiation (diarylamines), as developers in photography (aromatic diamines), as flotation agents in mining, as anticling and waterproofing agents for textiles, as fabric softeners, in paper coating, and for solubilizing herbicides.Related Products of 3993-79-1

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Ogata, Aya’s team published research in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry in 2017 | CAS: 3993-79-1

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. In organic chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia (NH3), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group (these may respectively be called alkylamines and arylamines; amines in which both types of substituent are attached to one nitrogen atom may be called alkylarylamines).Application In Synthesis of 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one

《Synthesis of antisense oligonucleotides containing acyclic alkynyl nucleoside analogs and their biophysical and biological properties》 was written by Ogata, Aya; Maeda, Yusuke; Ueno, Yoshihito. Application In Synthesis of 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one And the article was included in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry on April 1 ,2017. The article conveys some information:

The synthesis of oligonucleotide (ON) analogs, which can be used as antisense mols., has recently gained much attention. Here, we report the synthesis and properties of an ON analog containing acyclic thymidine and cytidine analogs with a 4-pentyl-1,2-diol instead of the D-ribofuranose moiety. The incorporation of these analogs into the ON improved its nuclease resistance to 3′-exonucleases. Furthermore, it was found that the incorporation of the acyclic thymidine analog into a DNA/RNA duplex accelerates the RNA cleavage of a DNA/RNA duplex by Escherichia coli RNase H. In the part of experimental materials, we found many familiar compounds, such as 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1Application In Synthesis of 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one)

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. In organic chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia (NH3), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group (these may respectively be called alkylamines and arylamines; amines in which both types of substituent are attached to one nitrogen atom may be called alkylarylamines).Application In Synthesis of 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Abu-Zeid, Y. M.’s team published research in J. Pharm. Sci. U. Arab. Rep. in 1965 | CAS: 3993-79-1

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Milder oxidation, using reagents such as NaOCl, can remove four hydrogen atoms from primary amines of the type RCH2NH2 to form nitriles (R―C≡N), and oxidation with reagents such as MnO2 can remove two hydrogen atoms from secondary amines (R2CH―NHR′) to form imines (R2C=NR′). Tertiary amines can be oxidized to enamines (R2C=CHNR2) by a variety of reagents.SDS of cas: 3993-79-1

The author of 《Synthesis of new heterocyclic basic derivatives of expected amebicidal activity》 were Abu-Zeid, Y. M.; Abu-Elela, Z.; Ghoneim, K. M.. And the article was published in J. Pharm. Sci. U. Arab. Rep. in 1965. SDS of cas: 3993-79-1 The author mentioned the following in the article:

Halogenated derivatives of the heterocyclic nuclei pyridine, quinoline (I), and pyrimidine (II) were prepared Sulfonation of 8-Cl-I with 6 parts 20% fuming H2SO4 gave the 5-sulfonic acid (III). All trials to brominate or iodinate III and its Na salt or Me ester failed: non-aqueous media, different temperatures with variable duration, and 48% HBr with Br in CH3COOH. Also sulfonation of 5-Br-8-Cl-I was not successful. The II derivatives prepared were: 2-NH2-4-OH-II, 2-NH2-4-Cl-II, 2-NH2-4-OH-II-5-sulfonic acid, and the 2 new compounds 2-NH2-5-iodo-4-OH-II (IV), and 2-NH2-4-Cl-5-iodo II (V). IV was prepared by refluxing mercuric acetate, isocytosine (modified method of Roblin, et al., CA 36, 25329), and iodine in dioxane at 70° for 2 hrs. The precipitate resulting on addition to 15% KI solution was washed and crystallized from CH3COOH; yield 89.6%. V was prepared by refluxing gently POCl3, dimethylaniline, and 5-iodoisocytosine for 3 hrs. On alkalinization with NH4OH, boiling, filtration, and concentration V separated on cooling; yield 48%. In addition to this study using 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one, there are many other studies that have used 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1SDS of cas: 3993-79-1) was used in this study.

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Milder oxidation, using reagents such as NaOCl, can remove four hydrogen atoms from primary amines of the type RCH2NH2 to form nitriles (R―C≡N), and oxidation with reagents such as MnO2 can remove two hydrogen atoms from secondary amines (R2CH―NHR′) to form imines (R2C=NR′). Tertiary amines can be oxidized to enamines (R2C=CHNR2) by a variety of reagents.SDS of cas: 3993-79-1

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Mayer, Alain’s team published research in Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry in 2005 | CAS: 3993-79-1

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Amines characteristically form salts with acids; a hydrogen ion, H+, adds to the nitrogen. With the strong mineral acids (e.g., H2SO4, HNO3, and HCl), the reaction is vigorous. Salt formation is instantly reversed by strong bases such as NaOH. Neutral electrophiles (compounds attracted to regions of negative charge) also react with amines; alkyl halides (R′X) and analogous alkylating agents are important examples of electrophilic reagents.COA of Formula: C4H4IN3O

COA of Formula: C4H4IN3OOn May 7, 2005 ,《Synthesis and triplex forming properties of pyrrolidino pseudoisocytidine containing oligodeoxynucleotides》 appeared in Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. The author of the article were Mayer, Alain; Haeberli, Adrian; Leumann, Christian J.. The article conveys some information:

Pyrrolidino pseudo-C-nucleosides are isosteres of natural deoxynucleosides which are protonated at the pyrrolidino ring nitrogen under physiol. conditions. As constituents of a triplex forming oligodeoxynucleotide (TFO), the pos. charge is expected to stabilize DNA triple helixes via electrostatic interactions with the phosphodiester backbone of the target DNA. We describe the synthesis of the pyrrolidino iso-cytidine pseudo-nucleoside and the corresponding phosphoramidite building block and its incorporation into TFOs. Such TFOs show substantially increased DNA affinity compared to unmodified oligodeoxynucleotides. The increase in affinity is shown to be due to the pos. charge at the pyrrolidino subunit. After reading the article, we found that the author used 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1COA of Formula: C4H4IN3O)

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Amines characteristically form salts with acids; a hydrogen ion, H+, adds to the nitrogen. With the strong mineral acids (e.g., H2SO4, HNO3, and HCl), the reaction is vigorous. Salt formation is instantly reversed by strong bases such as NaOH. Neutral electrophiles (compounds attracted to regions of negative charge) also react with amines; alkyl halides (R′X) and analogous alkylating agents are important examples of electrophilic reagents.COA of Formula: C4H4IN3O

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Bilbao, Nerea’s team published research in European Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2015 | CAS: 3993-79-1

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. The methylamines occur in small amounts in some plants. Many polyfunctional amines (i.e., those having other functional groups in the molecule) occur as alkaloids in plants—for example, mescaline, 2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine; the cyclic amines nicotine, atropine, morphine, and cocaine; and the quaternary salt choline, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, which is present in nerve synapses and in plant and animal cells.Product Details of 3993-79-1

The author of 《Synthesis of 5-/8-Halogenated or Ethynylated Lipophilic Nucleobases as Potential Synthetic Intermediates for Supramolecular Chemistry》 were Bilbao, Nerea; Vazquez-Gonzalez, Violeta; Aranda, M. Teresa; Gonzalez-Rodriguez, David. And the article was published in European Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2015. Product Details of 3993-79-1 The author mentioned the following in the article:

A series of lipophilic nucleobases that are substituted at the 5- (pyrimidines) or 8- (purines) position with either a halogen atom or a terminal triple bond have been synthesized. The sequences and reactions studied in this work, which mainly comprise halogenation, alkylation, Sonogashira coupling, and trimethylsilylacetylene deprotection, have been carefully optimized, to reach the final compounds in the most straightforward and convenient way, with the highest possible purity and yield. These compounds include cytosine, isocytosine, and uracil derivatives as pyrimidine heterocycles, and guanine, isoguanine, and 2-aminoadenine derivatives as complementary purine bases. Variability was introduced at the N-1/N-9 positions of these pyrimidine/purine nucleobases, which were functionalized with alkyl or benzyl groups, as well as with protected amine or carboxylic acid substituents. The mols. prepared constitute a useful collection of synthetic intermediates for the field of chem. self-assembly. In the experimental materials used by the author, we found 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1Product Details of 3993-79-1)

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. The methylamines occur in small amounts in some plants. Many polyfunctional amines (i.e., those having other functional groups in the molecule) occur as alkaloids in plants—for example, mescaline, 2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine; the cyclic amines nicotine, atropine, morphine, and cocaine; and the quaternary salt choline, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, which is present in nerve synapses and in plant and animal cells.Product Details of 3993-79-1

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Camacho-Garcia, J.’s team published research in Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry in 2015 | CAS: 3993-79-1

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Reaction with nitrous acid (HNO2), which functions as an acylating agent that is a source of the nitrosyl group (―NO), converts aliphatic primary amines to nitrogen and mixtures of alkenes and alcohols corresponding to the alkyl group in a complex process. This reaction has been used for analytical determination of primary amino groups in a procedure known as the Van Slyke method.Synthetic Route of C4H4IN3O

In 2015,Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry included an article by Camacho-Garcia, J.; Montoro-Garcia, C.; Lopez-Perez, A. M.; Bilbao, N.; Romero-Perez, S.; Gonzalez-Rodriguez, D.. Synthetic Route of C4H4IN3O. The article was titled 《Synthesis and complementary self-association of novel lipophilic π-conjugated nucleoside oligomers》. The information in the text is summarized as follows:

A series of lipophilic nucleosides comprising natural and non-natural bases that are π-conjugated to a short oligo-phenylene-ethynylene fragment has been synthesized. These bases comprise guanosine, isoguanosine, and 2-amino-adenosine as purine heterocycles, and cytidine, iso-cytosine and uridine as complementary pyrimidine bases. The hydrogen-bonding dimerization and association processes between complementary bases were also studied by 1H NMR and absorption spectroscopy in order to obtain the relevant association constants2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1Synthetic Route of C4H4IN3O) was used in this study.

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Reaction with nitrous acid (HNO2), which functions as an acylating agent that is a source of the nitrosyl group (―NO), converts aliphatic primary amines to nitrogen and mixtures of alkenes and alcohols corresponding to the alkyl group in a complex process. This reaction has been used for analytical determination of primary amino groups in a procedure known as the Van Slyke method.Synthetic Route of C4H4IN3O

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Doi, Yasuhiro’s team published research in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2008 | CAS: 3993-79-1

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. To avoid the problem of multiple alkylation, methods have been devised for “blocking” substitution so that only one alkyl group is introduced. The Gabriel synthesis is one such method; it utilizes phthalimide, C6H4(CO)2NH, whose one acidic hydrogen atom has been removed upon the addition of a base such as KOH to form a salt.Safety of 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one

Doi, Yasuhiro; Chiba, Junya; Morikawa, Tomoyuki; Inouye, Masahiko published an article in Journal of the American Chemical Society. The title of the article was 《Artificial DNA Made Exclusively of Nonnatural C-Nucleosides with Four Types of Nonnatural Bases》.Safety of 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one The author mentioned the following in the article:

A new class of DNA-like oligomers made exclusively of nonnatural, stable C-nucleosides is described. The nucleosides comprise four types of nonnatural bases attached to a deoxyribose through an acetylene bond with the β-configuration. The artificial DNA forms right-handed duplexes and triplexes with the complementary artificial DNA. The hybridization occurs spontaneously and sequence-selectively, and the resulting duplexes have thermal stabilities very close to those of natural duplexes. The artificial DNA might be applied to a future extracellular genetic system with information storage and amplifiable abilities. In addition to this study using 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one, there are many other studies that have used 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1Safety of 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one) was used in this study.

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. To avoid the problem of multiple alkylation, methods have been devised for “blocking” substitution so that only one alkyl group is introduced. The Gabriel synthesis is one such method; it utilizes phthalimide, C6H4(CO)2NH, whose one acidic hydrogen atom has been removed upon the addition of a base such as KOH to form a salt.Safety of 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com

Wellington, Kevin W.’s team published research in Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids in 2009 | CAS: 3993-79-1

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Primary amines having a tertiary alkyl group (R3CNH2) are difficult to prepare with most methods but are made industrially by the Ritter reaction. In this method a tertiary alcohol reacts with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the presence of a concentrated strong acid; a formamide, RNH―CHO, is formed first, which then undergoes hydrolysis.Name: 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one

《A convenient synthesis of N,N’-dibenzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidine-2′-deoxyribonucleoside and 1-methyl-2′-deoxypseudoisocytidine》 was written by Wellington, Kevin W.; Ooi, Hua Chee; Benner, Steven A.. Name: 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one And the article was included in Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids on April 30 ,2009. The article conveys some information:

The syntheses of N,N’-dibenzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidine-2′-deoxyribonucleoside and 1-methyl-2′-deoxypseudoisocytidine via Heck coupling are described. A survey of the attempts to use the Heck coupling to synthesize N,N’-dibenzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidine-2′-deoxyribonucleoside is provided, indicating a remarkable diversity in outcome depending on the specific heterocyclic partner used. In the experimental materials used by the author, we found 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1Name: 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one)

2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one(cas: 3993-79-1) belongs to anime. Primary amines having a tertiary alkyl group (R3CNH2) are difficult to prepare with most methods but are made industrially by the Ritter reaction. In this method a tertiary alcohol reacts with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the presence of a concentrated strong acid; a formamide, RNH―CHO, is formed first, which then undergoes hydrolysis.Name: 2-Amino-5-iodopyrimidin-4(1H)-one

Referemce:
Iodide – Wikipedia,
Iodide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics – ScienceDirect.com